R言語
詳細情報
| タイトル | R言語 |
|---|---|
| URL | https://www.r-project.org/ |
| バージョン | ver 4.6.1 |
| 更新日 | 2026/06/26 |
| 追加日 | 2016/03/06 |
| 種別 | フリーソフト |
| 説明 | 統計処理用のプログラミング言語。 |
レビュー
概要
R言語は、統計計算とデータ可視化に特化したオープンソースのプログラミング言語および実行環境です。1993年にニュージーランド・オークランド大学のロス・イハカ氏とロバート・ジェントルマン氏によって開発が開始され、1995年に公開されました。両氏の名前がどちらも「R」から始まることが名前の由来とされています。AT&Tベル研究所が開発した統計言語S言語の文法を基盤とし、Schemeの影響も受けた言語設計が特徴で、S言語の後継として現在では統計解析の標準的なプログラミング言語となっています。CRANと呼ばれるパッケージリポジトリから2万件以上のパッケージが利用でき、データサイエンス・機械学習・バイオインフォマティクスなど幅広い分野で活用されています。
主要な特徴・機能
- 豊富な統計解析機能: 線形・非線形回帰、時系列分析、クラスタリング、仮説検定など多様な統計手法を標準装備
- 高度なデータ可視化: ggplot2などのパッケージで論文品質のグラフ・チャートを作成可能
- CRANパッケージエコシステム: 2万件以上のパッケージが登録されたCRANリポジトリから機能を拡張可能
- データフレーム操作: 表形式データの集計・整形・結合などをdplyrやtidyrで直感的に処理
- 機械学習対応: caret、tidymodels等のフレームワークで機械学習モデルの構築・評価が可能
- R Markdown / Quarto: コードと文章を組み合わせたレポートやノートブックの作成
- インタラクティブなデータ探索: RStudioなどのIDEとの統合で対話的なデータ分析が可能
- マルチプラットフォーム: Windows、macOS、Linuxで動作
対象ユーザー
- 統計解析・データ分析を行う研究者・学者
- データサイエンティスト・統計家
- バイオインフォマティクス・医療統計などの専門家
- データを用いた調査・分析を行うビジネスアナリスト
- 統計や機械学習を学ぶ学生
ライセンス情報
R言語はGNU GPL v2ライセンスで提供されるフリーソフトウェアです。無料で利用・改変・再配布が可能で、商用利用も認められています。R Foundation for Statistical Computingが開発・維持管理を担当しています。
スクリーンショット
スクリーンショットはありません。
更新グラフ
バージョン履歴
Changes in R 4.6.1
New Features
The LaTeX class ‘jss’ bundled in
‘share/texmf/tex/latex/jss.cls’ has been updated
to work with ‘hyperref’ version 7.01q (2026/04/24).
Plain-text (and legacy HTML) conversion for a simple Rd
\eqn{} now handles \geq, \leq, \neq
and \ne in addition to \ge and \le (PR#19070).
Bug Fixes
abbreviate(<non-ASCII>) now works better, using
iswlower() and *upper() to treat “wide”
characters, thanks to Kevin's PR#19058.
cut(1:11, {}) now signals an error for the invalid
breaks, fixing PR#19057, thanks to Kevin Ushey.
all(<symbol>) signals an error now, as some similar
coercions; previously, the coercion of the symbol resulted
in NULL internally, raised a warning, and could access illegal
memory; thanks to Kevin Ushey's PR#19054.
stl() now checks its 3 x 3 tuning parameters on the R level;
(省略されました)
New Features
The LaTeX class ‘jss’ bundled in
‘share/texmf/tex/latex/jss.cls’ has been updated
to work with ‘hyperref’ version 7.01q (2026/04/24).
Plain-text (and legacy HTML) conversion for a simple Rd
\eqn{} now handles \geq, \leq, \neq
and \ne in addition to \ge and \le (PR#19070).
Bug Fixes
abbreviate(<non-ASCII>) now works better, using
iswlower() and *upper() to treat “wide”
characters, thanks to Kevin's PR#19058.
cut(1:11, {}) now signals an error for the invalid
breaks, fixing PR#19057, thanks to Kevin Ushey.
all(<symbol>) signals an error now, as some similar
coercions; previously, the coercion of the symbol resulted
in NULL internally, raised a warning, and could access illegal
memory; thanks to Kevin Ushey's PR#19054.
stl() now checks its 3 x 3 tuning parameters on the R level;
(省略されました)
Changes in R 4.6.0
Significant User-Visible Changes
The R citation now provides a DOI
(10.32614/R.manuals): please update your
bibliographies accordingly.
The default C++ standard has been changed to C++20 where
available (which it is on all known platforms from 2021 on): if
not C++17 is used if available otherwise C++ is not supported (as
before).
(GCC 16 has also switched to C++20 as its default.)
Packages can request C++17 if essential.
The Sweave driver Rtangle no longer puts empty lines
at the end of tangled scripts.
New Features
The default AIC and BIC methods now check whether
the methods namespace is loaded rather than stats4. They
still use stats4::logLik (and stats4::nobs), but packages
no longer need to load stats4 explicitly.
confint.default() now also works on S4 objects, as long as
(省略されました)
Significant User-Visible Changes
The R citation now provides a DOI
(10.32614/R.manuals): please update your
bibliographies accordingly.
The default C++ standard has been changed to C++20 where
available (which it is on all known platforms from 2021 on): if
not C++17 is used if available otherwise C++ is not supported (as
before).
(GCC 16 has also switched to C++20 as its default.)
Packages can request C++17 if essential.
The Sweave driver Rtangle no longer puts empty lines
at the end of tangled scripts.
New Features
The default AIC and BIC methods now check whether
the methods namespace is loaded rather than stats4. They
still use stats4::logLik (and stats4::nobs), but packages
no longer need to load stats4 explicitly.
confint.default() now also works on S4 objects, as long as
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.5.3
UTILITIES
tools/fetch-recommended can be used instead of
tools/rsync-recommended to fetch recommended packages
into R sources using curl on systems without
rsync or behind firewalls.
PACKAGE INSTALLATION
C++ standard specifications (CXX_STD = in
‘src/Makevars*’ and in the SystemRequirements field of
the ‘DESCRIPTION’ file) are now checked more thoroughly.
Invalid values are still ignored but now give a warning, as do
contradictory specifications.
(Preliminary) support for C++26 has been extended to Windows.
A non-zero exit status from ‘cleanup’, ‘cleanup.win’
or ‘cleanup.ucrt’, if requested via options --clean or
--preclean, is now reported with a warning.
BUG FIXES
all.equal(obj, simple, check.class=FALSE) now is true, also
when simple is a bare atomic vector and obj has a simple
(省略されました)
UTILITIES
tools/fetch-recommended can be used instead of
tools/rsync-recommended to fetch recommended packages
into R sources using curl on systems without
rsync or behind firewalls.
PACKAGE INSTALLATION
C++ standard specifications (CXX_STD = in
‘src/Makevars*’ and in the SystemRequirements field of
the ‘DESCRIPTION’ file) are now checked more thoroughly.
Invalid values are still ignored but now give a warning, as do
contradictory specifications.
(Preliminary) support for C++26 has been extended to Windows.
A non-zero exit status from ‘cleanup’, ‘cleanup.win’
or ‘cleanup.ucrt’, if requested via options --clean or
--preclean, is now reported with a warning.
BUG FIXES
all.equal(obj, simple, check.class=FALSE) now is true, also
when simple is a bare atomic vector and obj has a simple
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.5.2
UTILITIES
R CMD check now handles archives with extension
‘.tar’ or ‘.tar.zstd’ (where zstd compression
is supported by the R build).
BUG FIXES
t.test(c(1:3, Inf)) and similar no longer produce an error but
return a (still not so useful) "htest" result, fixing
PR#18901, thanks to Jesse Alderliesten.
attr(., "tsp") <- val now uses getOption("ts.eps")
instead of hardwired 1e-5; consequently, ts(.., ts.eps=*)
now passes ts.eps to the "tsp" setting C code;
both fixing a long-standing ‘FIXME’.
insertSource() now ignores the internal
.packageName object, avoiding a superfluous message.
In static HTML help, links to vignette files from the default
‘doc/index.html’ page now also work for packages not installed
in the default .Library,
thanks to a report by Patrice Kiener.
(省略されました)
UTILITIES
R CMD check now handles archives with extension
‘.tar’ or ‘.tar.zstd’ (where zstd compression
is supported by the R build).
BUG FIXES
t.test(c(1:3, Inf)) and similar no longer produce an error but
return a (still not so useful) "htest" result, fixing
PR#18901, thanks to Jesse Alderliesten.
attr(., "tsp") <- val now uses getOption("ts.eps")
instead of hardwired 1e-5; consequently, ts(.., ts.eps=*)
now passes ts.eps to the "tsp" setting C code;
both fixing a long-standing ‘FIXME’.
insertSource() now ignores the internal
.packageName object, avoiding a superfluous message.
In static HTML help, links to vignette files from the default
‘doc/index.html’ page now also work for packages not installed
in the default .Library,
thanks to a report by Patrice Kiener.
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.5.1
NEW FEATURES
The internal method of unzip() now follows unzip 6.00
in how it handles extracted file paths which contain "../".
With thanks to Ivan Krylov.
INSTALLATION
Standalone nmath can be built with early-2025
versions of clang-based compilers such as LLVM
clang 20, Apple clang 17 and Intel
icx 2025.0.
Tcl/Tk 9 can be used to build package tcltk:
this has become the default in some Linux distributions.
N.B. several third-party packages currently require
Tcl/Tk 8 or even 8.6 without declaring so.
BUG FIXES
Java detection in javareconf could not detect
‘libjvm.*’ in the zero variant of the JDK (PR#18884).
All valid variants as of JDK 24u are now supported.
factanal(.., rotation=*) now correctly updates
(省略されました)
NEW FEATURES
The internal method of unzip() now follows unzip 6.00
in how it handles extracted file paths which contain "../".
With thanks to Ivan Krylov.
INSTALLATION
Standalone nmath can be built with early-2025
versions of clang-based compilers such as LLVM
clang 20, Apple clang 17 and Intel
icx 2025.0.
Tcl/Tk 9 can be used to build package tcltk:
this has become the default in some Linux distributions.
N.B. several third-party packages currently require
Tcl/Tk 8 or even 8.6 without declaring so.
BUG FIXES
Java detection in javareconf could not detect
‘libjvm.*’ in the zero variant of the JDK (PR#18884).
All valid variants as of JDK 24u are now supported.
factanal(.., rotation=*) now correctly updates
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.5.0
NEW FEATURES
as.integer(rl) and hence as.raw(rl) now work for
a list of raw(1) elements, as proposed by Michael
Chirico's PR#18696.
graphics' grid() gains optional argument
nintLog.
New functions check_package_urls() and
check_package_dois() in package tools for checking
URLs and DOIs in package sources.
New head() and tail() methods for class
"ts" time series, proposed by Spencer Graves on R-devel.
New qr.influence() function, a “bare bones”
interface to the lm.influence() leave-one-out diagnostics
computations; wished for in PR#18739.
Package citation() results auto-generated from the
package metadata now also provide package DOIs for CRAN and
Bioconductor packages.
New function grepv() identical to grep() except
(省略されました)
NEW FEATURES
as.integer(rl) and hence as.raw(rl) now work for
a list of raw(1) elements, as proposed by Michael
Chirico's PR#18696.
graphics' grid() gains optional argument
nintLog.
New functions check_package_urls() and
check_package_dois() in package tools for checking
URLs and DOIs in package sources.
New head() and tail() methods for class
"ts" time series, proposed by Spencer Graves on R-devel.
New qr.influence() function, a “bare bones”
interface to the lm.influence() leave-one-out diagnostics
computations; wished for in PR#18739.
Package citation() results auto-generated from the
package metadata now also provide package DOIs for CRAN and
Bioconductor packages.
New function grepv() identical to grep() except
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.4.3
INSTALLATION
R can be installed using C23 (for example with
-std=gnu23 or -std=gnu2x) with recent compilers
including gcc 12–14, Apple clang 15–16, LLVM
clang 17–20 and Intel icx 2024.2.
It can be installed with the upcoming (at the time of writing)
gcc 15, which defaults to C23.
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
The functions R_strtod and R_atof now allow
hexadecimal constants without an exponent, for compatibility with
their C99 versions (PR#18805).
UTILITIES
R CMD build and R CMD check now allow
reference output for demo scripts (‘demo/demo.Rout.save’
files) to be shipped with the package, as proposed by
Torsten Hothorn in PR#18816.
BUG FIXES
kappa(A, exact=TRUE) for singular A returns
(省略されました)
INSTALLATION
R can be installed using C23 (for example with
-std=gnu23 or -std=gnu2x) with recent compilers
including gcc 12–14, Apple clang 15–16, LLVM
clang 17–20 and Intel icx 2024.2.
It can be installed with the upcoming (at the time of writing)
gcc 15, which defaults to C23.
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
The functions R_strtod and R_atof now allow
hexadecimal constants without an exponent, for compatibility with
their C99 versions (PR#18805).
UTILITIES
R CMD build and R CMD check now allow
reference output for demo scripts (‘demo/demo.Rout.save’
files) to be shipped with the package, as proposed by
Torsten Hothorn in PR#18816.
BUG FIXES
kappa(A, exact=TRUE) for singular A returns
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.4.2
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
The S-compatibility macros F77_COM and
F77_COMDECL defined in header ‘R_ext/RS.h’ are
deprecated and will be removed shortly. We could find no record
of their use.
BUG FIXES
Mathlib function lgammacor(x) no longer warns about
underflow to zero for large x.
Text widths and heights were incorrectly reported by the
Quartz device if the drawing context didn't exist yet (typically
when drawing off-screen to a window that is yet to appear, see
PR#18591).
The Quartz device could segfault in cases where paths with
spaces are used in the new glyph drawing API.
Thanks to Tomek Gieorgijewski (PR#18758).
On macOS in R CRAN builds, it is again possible to read
little-endian UTF-16 text with a BOM from a connection using
encoding="UTF-16". Users building R from source should avoid
(省略されました)
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
The S-compatibility macros F77_COM and
F77_COMDECL defined in header ‘R_ext/RS.h’ are
deprecated and will be removed shortly. We could find no record
of their use.
BUG FIXES
Mathlib function lgammacor(x) no longer warns about
underflow to zero for large x.
Text widths and heights were incorrectly reported by the
Quartz device if the drawing context didn't exist yet (typically
when drawing off-screen to a window that is yet to appear, see
PR#18591).
The Quartz device could segfault in cases where paths with
spaces are used in the new glyph drawing API.
Thanks to Tomek Gieorgijewski (PR#18758).
On macOS in R CRAN builds, it is again possible to read
little-endian UTF-16 text with a BOM from a connection using
encoding="UTF-16". Users building R from source should avoid
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.4.1
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
Functions R_atof and R_strtod declared in
header ‘R_ext/Utils.h’ are now documented in
‘Writing R Extensions’ and so formally part of the API.
The non-API entry points Rf_setSVector,
Rf_StringFalse, Rf_StringTrue and
Rf_isBlankString have been added to those reported by
R CMD check.
The new function Rf_allocLang is now available. This
provides an alternative to the idiom of calling
Rf_allocList followed by SET_TYPEOF.
UTILITIES
R CMD check now reports as warnings what
gfortran calls ‘Fortran 2018 deleted features’, all
of which have long been marked as ‘obsolescent’ and some of
which were deleted in Fortran 2008 or earlier. Fortran compilers
are no longer required to support these.
BUG FIXES
(省略されました)
C-LEVEL FACILITIES
Functions R_atof and R_strtod declared in
header ‘R_ext/Utils.h’ are now documented in
‘Writing R Extensions’ and so formally part of the API.
The non-API entry points Rf_setSVector,
Rf_StringFalse, Rf_StringTrue and
Rf_isBlankString have been added to those reported by
R CMD check.
The new function Rf_allocLang is now available. This
provides an alternative to the idiom of calling
Rf_allocList followed by SET_TYPEOF.
UTILITIES
R CMD check now reports as warnings what
gfortran calls ‘Fortran 2018 deleted features’, all
of which have long been marked as ‘obsolescent’ and some of
which were deleted in Fortran 2008 or earlier. Fortran compilers
are no longer required to support these.
BUG FIXES
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.4.0
SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES
Startup banners, R --version, sessionInfo()
and R CMD check no longer report (64-bit) as part of
the platform as this is almost universal – the increasingly rare
32-bit platforms will still report (32-bit).
On Windows, ditto for window titles.
is.atomic(NULL) now returns FALSE, as NULL
is not an atomic vector. Strict back-compatibility would
replace is.atomic(foo) by (is.null(foo) || is.atomic(foo))
but should happen only sparingly.
NEW FEATURES
The confint() methods for "glm" and
"nls" objects have been copied to the stats
package. Previously, they were stubs which called versions in
package MASS. The MASS namespace is no longer loaded
if you invoke (say) confint(glmfit). Further, the
"glm" method for profile() and the plot()
and pairs() methods for class "profile" have been
(省略されました)
SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES
Startup banners, R --version, sessionInfo()
and R CMD check no longer report (64-bit) as part of
the platform as this is almost universal – the increasingly rare
32-bit platforms will still report (32-bit).
On Windows, ditto for window titles.
is.atomic(NULL) now returns FALSE, as NULL
is not an atomic vector. Strict back-compatibility would
replace is.atomic(foo) by (is.null(foo) || is.atomic(foo))
but should happen only sparingly.
NEW FEATURES
The confint() methods for "glm" and
"nls" objects have been copied to the stats
package. Previously, they were stubs which called versions in
package MASS. The MASS namespace is no longer loaded
if you invoke (say) confint(glmfit). Further, the
"glm" method for profile() and the plot()
and pairs() methods for class "profile" have been
(省略されました)
CHANGES IN R 4.3.3
NEW FEATURES
iconv() now fixes up variant encoding names such as
"utf8" case-insensitively.
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT
The legacy encoding = "MacRoman" is deprecated in
pdf() and postscript(): support was incomplete in
earlier versions of R.
BUG FIXES
Arguments are now properly forwarded to methods on S4 generics
with ... in the middle of their formal arguments. This was
broken for the case when a method introduced an argument but did
not include ... in its own formals. Thanks to Herv辿 Pag竪s for
the report PR#18538.
Some invalid file arguments to pictex(),
postscript() and xfig() opened a file called
‘NA’ rather than throw an error. These included
postscript(NULL) (which some people expected to work like
pdf(NULL)).
(省略されました)
NEW FEATURES
iconv() now fixes up variant encoding names such as
"utf8" case-insensitively.
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT
The legacy encoding = "MacRoman" is deprecated in
pdf() and postscript(): support was incomplete in
earlier versions of R.
BUG FIXES
Arguments are now properly forwarded to methods on S4 generics
with ... in the middle of their formal arguments. This was
broken for the case when a method introduced an argument but did
not include ... in its own formals. Thanks to Herv辿 Pag竪s for
the report PR#18538.
Some invalid file arguments to pictex(),
postscript() and xfig() opened a file called
‘NA’ rather than throw an error. These included
postscript(NULL) (which some people expected to work like
pdf(NULL)).
(省略されました)
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